a. Potentiometry: Electrical potential, electrochemical cell, reference electrodes, indicator electrodes, measurement of potential and pH, construction and working of electrodes, Potentiometric titrations, methods of detecting end point, Karl Fischer titration.

Curriculum Unit: 3. Electrometric Methods:

This study module covers "Potentiometry: Electrical potential, electrochemical cell, reference electrodes, indicator electrodes, measurement of potential and pH, construction and working of electrodes, Potentiometric titrations, methods of detecting end point, Karl Fischer titration.", an integral component of the Year 3 Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) curriculum under Pharmaceutical Analysis (Electrometric Methods). Designed for clinical pharmacy scholars, the syllabus emphasizes mechanistic understanding, clinical relevance, and high-yield examination competencies.

Upon reviewing this syllabus topic, Pharm.D students are expected to demonstrate proficiency in:

• Understand fundamental chemical mechanisms, functional pathways, and molecular principles of Potentiometry: Electrical potential, electrochemical cell, reference electrodes, indicator electrodes, measurement of potential and pH, construction and working of electrodes, Potentiometric titrations, methods of detecting end point, Karl Fischer titration..
• Examine analytical methodologies, instrumentation, and validation protocols applicable to Electrometric Methods.
• Interpret diagnostic indices, assay metrics, and laboratory findings in clinical pharmacy.

Standard literature and institutional sources for Pharmaceutical Analysis:

• [1]Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) Pharm.D Curriculum Syllabus Guidelines
• [2]Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis (Mendham et al.)
• [3]Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
• [4]Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry (Rodwell, Bender, Botham, et al.)